Witness Stories: This environment was inspired by the stories of Kristallnacht survivors. Explore and touch everything.
Information Tag: Jews were required to write their names on their windows prior to Kristallnacht.
Propaganda: This caricature of Herschel Grynszpan, the Jewish assassin of Ernst vom Rath, was on the cover of Der Stürmer in December 1938. The caption reads,
'Jewish Murderer/Despicable Jewish deeds besmirch the land
In which the Jewish murderer was accorded the rights of a guest
You have given the murderous people a free path
If you treat the criminal like a human being!'
Historical Info: The Nazis forced the Jews to pay the costs of the pogroms. Insurance monies to cover damages were confiscated, Jewish store and home owners had to repair their buildings at their own cost, and an ’atonement’ fee of 1 billion Reichsmarks (about $400 million) was imposed on the Jewish community. This page from the Reichsgesetzblatt shows the Decree Concerning the Atonement Fee for the Jews of German Citizenship. November 14, 1938.
Translation: 'Ritual Murder is the Saarpfalz-Who was the Murderer? Der Stürmer Number 14 presents the shocking documentation...' Poster advertising an issue of the antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer containing a report on a purported case of ritual murder.
Object: Hedi Politzer’s passport dated December 10, 1938 in Vienna. Forced to leave their parents behind in Vienna, Hedi and her sister fled Nazi Germany to the United States. Upon their arrival in New York on January 25, 1939, Hedi learned of her father’s death in Dachau. Learn more in the Police Station.
Object: Affadavit submitted by Bert Klapper, to support the application of his cousins Arthur, Johanna and Heinz Lewy for immigration visas to the United States. The affadavit bears the stamp of the American Consulate General in Berlin and is dated December 31, 1938.
Document Viewer: Postcard sent from Dachau by Oskar Politzer to his wife following his arrest during Kristallnacht. December 31, 1938.
Information Tag
- Giving notecard 'SS and the German Police' to Yan Lauria...
- Giving notecard '"Aryanized" Store' to Yan Lauria...
Propaganda;
- Front page of the Nazi publication Der Stürmer featuring an article and picture of the book ' Court Jews'. November 1938
- Front page of the Nazi publication, Der Sturmer, with an anti-Semitic caricature of Herschel Grynszpan, the Jewish assassin of Ernst vom Roth. The headline reads, 'Is the Jewish question solved -- Retributive measures against the Jews. The world historical task of Germany. The struggle continues.'
- An antisemitic poster entitled, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.’ 1933-1939.
Torah Scroll: The Torah Scroll [Hebrew: Sefer Torah or Sifrei Torah (plural)] is the holiest text within Judaism and is venerated by Jews as the word of God. Torahs contain the five books of Moses, which in English are: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. During Kristallnacht, torah scrolls were desecrated throughout Germany.
Damaged Prayer Book: After seizing the archives and valuables, Nazis destroyed the interiors of synagogues and desecrated religious objects, such as prayer books.
Information Tag: Giving notecard 'Destruction of Synagogues' to Yan Lauria...
The Holy Ark (Aron Kodesh): When they are not being used during services, Torah scrolls are stored in the holiest spot within a synagogue, the Holy Ark (Hebrew-Aron Kodesh), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faces Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when engaged in prayer.
Damaged Torah Ark: The damaged lintel above a Torah ark from a synagogue in Nentershausen, Germany that was destroyed during Kristallnacht. The partially damaged Hebrew verse on the lintel reads, 'Know before whom you stand'. 1938. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Juedisches Museum der Stadt Frankfurt
Curator: When you are ready, you can post your story and experience to the board in the back. Simply touch the note and type in your message.
Kristallnacht Background;
- whispers: Giving notecard 'Photo Captions and Info' to Yan Lauria...
- You can watch video testimony from these Kristallnacht survivors in the atrium.
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Entrance: To enter the hiding space, please touch the elevator door in front of your avatar.
Personal Stories;
- Soon after Kristallnacht, Susan’s father arranged to smuggle her and her brother Joseph into France. Susan and Joseph appear in the center of this photograph.
- After the Nazis came to power, Susan was forced to leave the public school, along with the other Jewish children. Even walking on the streets could be dangerous because the neighborhood children often threw rocks at her. On November 9–10, 1938—Kristallnacht—Nazi thugs smashed the windows and furnishings of the Hilsenrath home. Months later, Susan and her brother Joseph were smuggled into France.
- The Hilsenraths lived in Bad Kreuznach. Susan was the eldest of three children. Her father owned a thriving linen store, and her mother took care of Susan and her two brothers. After the Nazis came to power, the Hilsenraths, like other Jewish families, began to feel the effects of increased antisemitism. Susan Warsinger is one of the voices heard in this experience.
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